International Obesity Health Risks and Policies

International Obesity wellness Risks and PoliciesAnja BialasJrn JanssenAlice Temitope OludeTable of content1 Obesity as the major(ip) health risk for the population of the Republic of Nauru Causes and Impact . 32 Possibilities and constraints of health protection policies in Nauru .. 42.1 Assessment of the requirements of adequate health policies in Nauru 42.2 Discussion of Financing Options of Social Health Protection in the Case ofNauru 63 Conclusions and Recommendation 81 Obesity as the major health risk for the population of the Republic of Nauru Causes and ImpactThe worlds smallest independent Republic Nauru, which is located in the South Pacific Ocean, set a distressing record of being one of the debateries with the highest obesity rates. About 71.1 % adult of the population ar considered to be obese (CIA 2014). Due to the WHO (2014), obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. The closely important direct results or epiphenom ena argon cardiovascular diseases (e.g. stroke), which are mentioned by the WHO as the calculateing cause of death in 2012. Other ailments are diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders (e.g. osteoarthritis) some sort of thronecer as well as mental disorders (WHO 2014).Nowadays, obesity at Nauru may result from the lack of access to a healthy environment, in particular lack of access to fresh and healthy provender and lack of physical activity. Besides that, other reasons from previous periods have to be discussed shortly, which may also be responsible for the present situation.After independence in 1968, Nauru used to be one of the richest countries in the world with high rates of GDP per capita due to its rich phosphate deposits. Due to bad governance, for instance the distraction of funds, lack of structural, economic and environmental policies, Nauru went bankrupt finally. immediately, the republic is a low-income country and can be characterized by the following attributesLack of established industriesDeteriorating capital plants risque unemployment rate of 90% due to estimations by the CIA of 2005 (CIA 2014)Destroyed landscape (90% of the land are deteriorated due to intensive phosphate mining) (CIA 2014)High dependency on imports of close to all goods (food and other consumer goods)High dependency from aid, especially from the conferrer AustraliaIn spite of all these health problems, Nauru lacks a good health armorial bearing dodge and it cannot afford to create one because of its weak economic and social state. Now, Nauru lacks the capacities to deal with the most important health risk obesity on the one hand, which affects the volume of the country. On the other hand it can be estimated, that Nauru ordain not be able to create an environment for the community to prevent yet encourage of overweight and obesity within the next years. For that reason it can be stated, that the country will not be able to deal with the problem in a proper way in the short and in the arbitrate term.In the light of this, the newspaper would examine the present situations of Nauru healthcare and why the type financing options wont work bandage also falsifying already tested hypotheses about the effectiveness of standard financing options.2 Possibilities and constraints of health protection policies in Nauru2.1 Assessment of the requirements of adequate health policies in NauruWhat are the requirements for an adequate health policy, and how might the situation in Nauru look like, in elaborate? In the following, this chapter is going to answer the stated questions. Therefore, it uses six basic indicators of good health policies the focus on lifestyle and needs of population, consideration of other welkins germane(predicate) for health, alliance of the population, use of locally available resources, integration and coordination of preventive, promotional, curative and rehabilitative measures, and decentralization of services.With this, the s ubject of the following chapter is to create an understanding of Naurus situation today, while simultaneously trying to present the major problems.Focus on lifestyle and needs of populationBeginning with lifestyle, we address directly one of the major problems. before the country became rich, due to phosphate exportation, the population admitd themselves through farming, fishing and hunting (20min 2011). The natural food and the gently cooking preparation, through boiling, supported the inhabitants with healthy, organic and material food. But with the ripening income the eating habits shiftd towards imported, fat and durable food from the West, especially, meat and chips found their way in the supermarkets and so into stomachs of the population. Together with a low come in of working people, Nauruan grew fatter and unhealthier.Another problem is that only processed or canned food finds its way on the island, until today, because the transportation of vegetables or fruits would take in any case long and would be too expensive. Even with an active regimen, the imported goods are chill out a problem (20min 2011).The lifestyle of the population changed over the last decades. Todays political science focuses on the problem and is trying to support the population. Information on measures and programs are discussed in several media but are not make via official channels. Therefore it remains questionable, if the governments efforts are sufficient and suitable to address the problems.Use of locally available resources considering their scarcityThe considerations of the government lead to daily walks of the president, anti-obesity campaigns, with signs and banners, and a support campaign for natural and healthy foods, which seemed to have some success. Especially the small trend towards more healthy food, developed with the growing poverty. Imported food is often more expensive than rural food. Therefore, the people do not have much of a choice and it is ha rdly to count as a success.Participation of the population in search for solutionsThe participation of the population seems rather small. Even though the average lifespan of a priapic Nauruan dropped under the age of 50, the support of the population is limited (WHO Nauru 2012). A few people profit from the working benefits, only the youngest go to school or college. The problem, the 95% obese people, are whether neither young nor working. Most of them are out of school and not working. Therefore, they do not see the necessity for change (Nauru Government 2014). Due to this, they are hard to motivate and engage. Participation of the population is critical for the success of all measures to reduce the health risks. It can be stated, that participation is rather low. It should be a major concern of the government to focus on that issue.Consideration of other sectors relevant for healthWith the acceptance and notion of the problem obesity, the government tried to support the populatio n through single activities additional focus on sport activities in the education system, free aerobic classes, the being of sport tournaments, the provision of more sport areas and the support of those areas with the needed equipment and a guaranteed time for employees to do fitness. Naturally, because only a few people work, only a few benefit from the walking regulation, which does not support a change efficiently. Additionally, they started an anti-diabetes campaign and inform children in schools about the difficulties coming from an unhealthy lifestyle primaeval on. As a result of this, the president walks every day, visible for everyone, on the landing zone of the airport, to motivate the population (20min 2011).Integration and coordination of preventive, promotional, curative and rehabilitative measuresThe government of Nauru agreed that they could only support the older population through high medicine standards, sufficient medication in case of diabetes, free athletic cla sses, obesity warnings and specialized medicine treatments (20min 2011). The young generation gets additional education about unhealthy living styles, is supported with more opportunities and motivation to do sports and. The focus of the government therefore lays on trying to change the development of the future generations and alleviation of the present problems for the older generations. Extravagant measures, like the daily walk of the president are one of the things, which were implemented to raise awareness.Decentralization of servicesThe decentralization is not relevant because of the very small size of the country.2.2 Discussion of Financing Options of Social Health Protection in the Case of NauruThere are various ways that a social health amends could be financed. This section of the paper will be explaining the various financing options, the various features of each of the options, how they work and then assess its feasibility in financing social health redress policy po licies in Nauru.The various financing options the paper would examine are as follows User fees, Pre impartment abstract, Government budget and Private insurance. Besides that Social insurance and Micro-insurance are further options of financing, which will not be focused in the following discussion.User FeesThis involves an out-of-pocket financing of health services. In other words, the people would have to pay out of their pocket and it is usually on an immediate basis. It has been argued overtime whether this form of financing is effective or not, and also whether it promotes the use of social health insurance. plot some argued that it provides a measure to check over utilization of health services, some argued that it doesnt encourage the poor (who are the most vulnerable to health risks) to use health services as it is usually too expensive for them to manage. Also, it doesnt really protect people from risks as there is no insurance element.With all the above mentioned, it is quite clear why this form of financing cannot be used in Nauru. In a country with 90% unemployment accord to CIA fact book and with its citizens having no source of income, it will be impossible for them to pay for health services out of their pockets much less immediately.Prepayment SchemePrepayment scheme as the name implies is the payment for a service in advance. This involves a payment of premium before the occurrence of the hazard. It has same features like the user fees just that it has an insurance element in that the users pay ahead of the occurrence of the hazard.This also cannot work for the citizens of Nauru as most of them are unemployed so there is no way of making payments in installments. Also, most of the employed are working in the informal sector, which makes it even more difficult for pooling of funds.Government Budget (Taxes)The government can also get to finance health care policies. This is usually done by allocating a percentage of government budget to the health care sector. Also, it could be done through payment of tax by citizens to government but usually with subsidies. This form of financing acts as a balance amongst the rich getting health coverage and the poor getting coverage as well. This is so because it is cheaper, provides universal access with low administration costs and most importantly, more coverage at little or no costs.The Nauru government has an annual budget of $AUD 35.6 million as reported by the UNICEF in 2002, as well as a total expenditure of $AUD 79 million, which brings its deficit to $AUD 49 million. With this huge deficit and 90% of her revenue coming from aid, the health sector remains under funded still even though a higher percentage of her budget goes to providing health services. Making it also almost impossible to singlehandedly provide good health services based on government funding.Private InsurancePrivate health insurance is a form of voluntary insurance taken out by users themselves for various reasons. It has been argued that private health insurance helps cater to needs of the rich which allows the government to focus on catering get out to the needs of the poor with limited resources. Also, it helps to provide more choices to the consumers and acts as a catalyst to reforms and efficiency in public health insurance. Despite all of these advantages, it is still really expensive and even widens gap between the rich and poor. Moreover, it is a bit difficult to administrate.Presently, there is no form of private health insurance in Nauru. This is no surprise as private health insurers usually invest where the profits are higher and also insure people with utmost vulnerability to risks. In Nauru, most of its people suffer from obesity and diabetes thus, if there were to be any coverage by insurance, these two diseases have to be a main focus but private insurers wont want to insure them as the probability of the risk occurring is really high.3 Conclusions and Recommendatio nThe paper focused mainly on two pillars, which are assessment of the requirements of adequate health policies and financing options. Within the chapters 2.1 and 2.2., we could give evidence for a number of problems, of which inhabitants of Nauru suffers today. Those can be summarized by the following characteristics1. Country specific obstacles like the small size, small number of inhabitants, high number of unemployed people, as well as the high number of diseased people and mismanagement in the past times.2. Lack of self- responsibleness3. High dependency burdens4. Budget constraintsThese problems affect the health conditions of the country to large buy the farm and worsen the situation of people who suffer from obesity but also support a large number of obesity incidence.We must come to the closedown that for the same reasons / problems, Nauru will not be able to deal with the problem in a proper way in the short and in the intermediate term. Also, it can be estimated, that Na uru will not be able to formulate adequate policies and strategies to address the needs of those people who already suffer from obesity as well as those who are in danger to come down with obesity.Furthermore it is critical to find sufficient and sustainable sources how to finance the budget and especially a budget for health policies.Even if the authorities are aware of the problem and have been implementing single strategies to fight against obesity, it lacks of a broad and sustainable execution of instrument of concrete measures to address the problem.Due to the requirements of adequate health policies, it can be stated, that Nauru is not able to improve the situation remarkably. At the moment, the awareness concerning a responsibility and especially self-responsibility of the Nauruan authorities to address the needs of a healthy population is not obvious. The major argument here is, that there is no transparentness because of lack of adequate information.In terms of financing options, Nauru has to look for other, maybe unconventional financing options e.g. selling the right for an arts project (film, book) because of the countries unique past or Nauru could initiate a crowd funding campaign, which offers adventure vacation for money. Besides that, Nauru should focus on financing options, which makes the country independent from single donor states like Australia, e.g. credit at the World Bank.BibliographyCentral Intelligence Agency, 2014. The World Factbook. Washington D. C. CIA -The World Factbook. Available from https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/rankorder/2228rank.html?countryname=Naurucountrycode=nrregionCode=ausrank=2nr (Accessed 14th August 2014, twenty-first September 2014)20min, 2011. Das dickste Volk der Welt. 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